J06 LESSON 6 AND 7 EXAM ANSWERS (2021) - ASHWORTH
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 6&7 Exam Answers (2021)
1. What is the interpreted meaning of probable cause?
2. _____________ explanations for police corruption suggest the existence of an organized subculture within an agency, often characterized by secrecy, loyalty, and cynicism?
3. In its New York City investigation, the Knapp Commission found that police are most often involved in corruption when which of the following activities is involved?
4. A police officer sees a car speeding dangerously down the highway and pulls it over. The driver hands the officer his license with a $50 bill clipped to it. The officer takes it and does not write a ticket. Taking the money is ______; not writing a ticket is:
5. What is required before a police officer may conduct a frisk of an individual?
6. _____________ sees the role of sentencing as retribution, so there is no justification for changing punishment based on whether the proceeding is a plea bargain or a trial.
7. According to James Madison, "If men were angels no government would be necessary and if angels governed, no controls on government would be necessary." What did he mean?
8. A police officer felt a soft lumpy object in a suspect's back pocket, about the size of a quarter. He was unsure what it was, so he manipulated it with his fingers. At this point he thought the object was a bag of marijuana, so he reached in and pulled it out. He was right. What was the result?
9. Why is ethics important to the police officer on the street?
10. In an effort to deter the conduct of mob lawyers, the government has turned to _________________ laws.
11. A useful code of ethics should rely more on:
12. What are the two important decisions judges are required to make?
13. What ethical theory looks toward the future in assessing the impact of alternate sentences of the future conduct of the offender as well as general society (i.e., deterrence)?
14. What is required before a police officer may conduct a stop of an individual?
15. All the following are considered forms of police corruption, EXCEPT:
16. In determining under what circumstances an individual should be stopped and frisked, which is the LEAST helpful ethical system?
17. ____________ wrote disparagingly of an attorney who would seek to make the innocent look guilty.
18. The ________________details the requirements for arrests, warrants, searches, trials, lawyers, punishment, and other important aspects of criminal procedure.
19. According to one prosecutor, the reason professional misconduct takes place is because "it works." Which ethical theory would support such misconduct?
20. The prosecutor's discretion is considerable given the control they have over how law can be enforced and adjudicated. Prosecutors have garnered the greatest criticism for:
21. When offenders with similar histories commit similar crimes but receive widely different sentences, it is known as sentencing:
22. Application of the law in "assisted suicides" poses an interesting ethical dilemma because:
23. Which of the following is an example of a corrections officer misusing his authority?
24. According to Rushworth Kidder, founder of the Institute for Global Ethics, what ethical scenarios are the most difficult to resolve?
25. ______________ aims to prevent further criminal harm by restraining the offender from engaging in further misconduct.
26. Which rationale for punishment is NOT acceptable to utilitarian ethics?
27. Repeat ethical offenders sometimes need a sanction that is a stronger deterrent than monetary compensation. What civil solution might appropriately deter future ethical violations?
28. Conduct we accept from private individuals somehow becomes objectionable when it is done by public officials. This is this known as:
29. What argument would a utilitarian make in opposition to the death penalty?
30. _______________ or "reformation" sees criminal behavior as a product of social or psychological shortcomings.
31. _______________ is punishment and is applied simply in proportion to the seriousness of the offense.
32. The State of _________ passed a law that allows physicians to prescribe lethal doses of medicine for patients who are nearing the ends of their lives.
33. Darlene Johnson, a mother of four children, and pregnant with a fifth, was convicted of three counts of child abuse. The judge sentenced her to a year in jail, to be followed by implantation of the birth control device, Norplant. According to the judge, "it is not safe for her to have any more children." Which ethical rationale most appropriately justifies his sentence?
34. ______________ punishment is punishment short of death.
35. Which of the following is NOT a rationale for punishment?
36. Dick and Jane were a wealthy childless coupleâ€"that is until Dick lost his position at a Fortune 500 firm. Turning to crime was the only way for them to maintain their lavish lifestyle. Recently, both were caught robbing a local bank. Neither had any prior criminal history. Dick was sentenced to five years in prison; Jane received five years' probation. This is an example of sentencing:
37. The _____________ case has become a symbol of blaming large corporations with deep pockets for individual accidents.
38. Which of the following civil penalties after a criminal sentence has been completed is most hotly debated by those who oppose this practice?
39. Sentencing guidelines attempt to reduce disparity in sentencing by recommending a "guideline sentence" based on:
40. The issue of errors in capital cases is a serious concern because it creates doubt about whether justice, a cardinal virtue, is served by capital punishment, especially since there is no way to correct a mistake. This is of greatest concern to which ethical system?
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