J06 LESSON 4 AND 5 EXAM ANSWERS (2021) - ASHWORTH
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 4&5 Exam Answers (2021)
1. Mill defines pleasure as happiness and the absence of:
2. Mill focused focuses on reconciling the __________ of the many with the happiness of the individual.
3. Mill believed there are two causes to an unsatisfactory life: _________ and lack of mental cultivation.
4. According to Mill, the __________ of experienced people is to be used to determine which pleasures will truly bring happiness.
5. _____________, according to Mill, is defined as caring only for oneself, which leads to unhappiness.
6. The notion of utility, sometimes called ________, was coined by Jeremy Bentham.
7. Consequentialism is based on the notion of __________, according to which all people are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
8. A person not coming to the aid of a fellow human being (the Bad Samaritan) is illustrated by which of the following examples in your book?
9. Utilitarianism requires a person to be strictly __________ and a disinterested spectator in assessing his or her own happiness versus that of others.
10. Consequentialism was originated by Jeremy Bentham and can also be found in the writings of:
11. Utilitarianism does not view ________ as relevant in determining the morality of an action.
12. Mill focused on utility. His approach is __________ because it decides ethical questions based on the good that results from an action.
13. Utilitarianism has been criticized for not being ________ or _______ in weighing consequences of one's actions prior to engaging in the conduct.
14. Mill recognized that not all pleasures are __________ and that clearly some are more valuable and desirable than others.
15. Like Mill, Peter Singer's views have been criticized for their consequentialist perspective, relying on outcomes rather than __________ principles.
16. According to Mill, a bad act does not necessarily indicate a bad person, and a good act does not necessarily mean a person is:
17. According to the central principle of ______, actions are right in proportion, as they tend to promote happiness, and wrong, as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (pain).
18. Utilitarianism has been summarized as declaring that the end justifies the:
19. One criticism levied against utilitarianism is which of the following?
20. Which of the following statement is TRUE about formalism?
21. Miller has called the police four times on his neighbors. He complains they smoke pot and play loud music after midnight. Miller is complaining about offenses that impact:
22. Which individual studied with Kohlberg initially?
23. Jim Crow laws, Japanese internment laws, and the laws of Nazi Germany all illustrate which paradigm of law that arises in society?
24. According to Kohlberg, a person achieves a universal understanding of morals at which stage of development?
25. Which individual took body measurements of incarcerated Italian offenders and determined that some individuals are "born criminals"?
26. New York City experienced a remarkable drop in crime during the late 1990s because of aggressive police tactics against:
27. __________ is the concept that states people only give up some of their liberties to the government and entrust the government to intervene in the lives of citizens only in cases where it is absolutely necessary.
28. Some criminals in contemporary society use __________ to justify minor, self-serving acts of ethical misconduct?
29. Explanations of crime are grouped into four major types. Which of the following is NOT one of these types?
30. According to ______________, the classical and positivist schools of thought are inadequate to account for criminal behavior.
31. Carl Kotchian, the former president of Lockheed Corporation, did which of the following?
32. On the nightly news, a criminologist argues, "It is no surprise that the prisons are filled largely with poor and powerless people, rather than the middle and upper class." This is an example of the _________________ explanation of crime.
33. According to Gilligan's Ethics of Care, there is a gender difference in how moral thinking develops. What is that difference?
34. The prescribed remedy for criminal behavior according to the classical school of thought is:
35. According to the ____________ theory, individuals commit crime because they are influenced by a series of internal and external biological, sociological, and psychological factors.
36. Lacking education in ethical decision-making, people often do what comes naturally: they resort to decisions based on self-interest rather than on the greater interest of the community. This premise is based on which explanation of criminal behavior?
37. In general terms, the criminal law can be said to arise due to __________or __________.
38. Alabama prevents students from carrying electronic beepers and cell phones without written parental permission. Proponents argue that these devices are used by drug dealers, distract students, and disrupt the classroom. To which ethical theory do the proponents subscribe?
39. ____________, one of the founders of sociology, stated in 1893 that an act is criminal "when it offends strong and defined states of the collective conscience."
40. Separating children from their parents who enter the United States illegally, and then housing them in separate detention centers, demonstrates which paradigm of law?
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