J06 EXAMS ANSWERS (2021) - ASHWORTH
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Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Exams Answers (2021)
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 1 Exam Answers (2021)
1. Moral relativism is synonymous with:
2. Ethics are fundamental to character because they:
3. Morals and ethics:
4. Moral rules can also be derived independently of _________beliefs because desirable human conduct can be prescribed and achieved through application of rational principles.
5. Bill witnessed two of his classmates cheating on an exam. He debated whether he should report them or let them learn life's lessons the hard way when they graduate and cannot perform on the job. Bill ultimately decided not to tell the professor what he witnessed. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
6. Morals, as discussed in the text, can be defined as:
7. _________ provide(s) principles for distinguishing acts that are morally right from those that are morally wrong.
8. Charlene shoplifted a pack of gum at the store. The security guard wanted to press charges. Her mother argued that Charlene doesn't know right from wrong and should be left out of any discussions about lawbreaking and ethics. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
9. __________ is the ability to evaluate viewpoints, facts, and behaviors, objectively to assess the presentation of information or methods of argument to establish true worth or merit of an act or a course of conduct.
10. Ethical relativism attempts to ______ the way people behave.
11. Guiding human potential and action in a moral direction is the subject matter of:
12. Value judgments can be verified solely based on:
13. According to the text, ethics is the study of:
14. Moral courage can best be defined as acting on:
15. In the example Brewing up a Storm, the New York Police Department argued that the undercover officer who won a car should do which of the following?
16. The mentally ill and __________ are exempt from discussions of ethics.
17. In the example of the Honest Golfer, J.P. Hayes did which of the following and was disqualified from the PGA qualifying round?
18. A framework for making ethical decisions is needed. Such a framework begins with a search for _____________ principles.
19. Developing and following moral principles give human decision both meaning and a dispassionate:
20. Today, societies universally agree that _____________ is wrong.
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 2 Exam Answers (2021)
1. According to Aristotle, ______ goods are things we ought to desire regardless of whether we really do.
2. Aristotle emphasized that ethical conduct requires _________ so that it becomes habit.
3. Aristotle described ten (10) moral virtues, which include all of the following, EXCEPT:
4. According to virtue ethics, both moral virtue and _________ are operative means to happiness.
5. ____________ was a philosophy of serenity, tranquility, and impassiveness to suffering.
6. Virtue ethics are most closely associated with _________, whose approach to ethics asks, "How ought people live their lives?"
7. _____________ does not have the same connotation today as it did in Aristotle's day.
8. Aristotle saw all human activities aimed at some good, but some goods are subordinate to others. This concept is known as the:
9. Hedonism views _________ as the ultimate virtue.
10. The work of ___________ was influential and remains so, and his book The Republic sets forth his views on ethics, describing a plan for an ideal city where few laws are needed because of the highly developed moral character of its inhabitants.
11. The exercise of moral virtues is guided by the four cardinal virtues, including all of the following EXCEPT:
12. According to Aristotle, the ultimate good is:
13. Aristotle identified two types of virtue: ___________ and moral.
14. Eudaimonia is a word that means the same thing as:
15. _______ can be defined as "the habit of right desire" or the disposition to make right choices.
16. According to egoistic hedonism, acts that do not bring pleasure are:
17. The use of questions and answers to arrive at the truth is known as the:
18. Plato and Aquinas identified four cardinal virtues as desirable because they focused on the ideal:
19. In the Nicomachean Ethics, _________ provided the first systematic study of ethics in the history of the Western world.
20. __________ develops by exercising a habit; it does not occur naturally.
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 3 Exam Answers (2021)
1. Kant argued that nothing is good without qualification, EXCEPT:
2. According to Kant, you do not want a person making decisions based entirely on what might happen. Instead, decisions should be made based on:
3. Kant searched for the appropriate rules to guide ethical conduct. His approach is a(n) __________ approach known as formalism.
4. The __________imperative states that you act in such a way that you treat humanity, yourself or another, always the same-as an end and never simply as a means.
5. Kant can rely on the Declaration of Independence to support his assertion that:
6. Kant believed that people often became shrewder as they got ____________, and fell away from the idea of moral duty.
7. According to Kant, a(n) ___________ can stand on its own, requiring no further justification.
8. Deontological ethics, or formalism, can best be described as a ________________ approach.
9. A(n) __________________ has no moral worth, according to Kant.
10. According to Kant, morality is determined by ___________principles that prescribe an action using an established rule, rather than on an expected result.
11. ___________ imperatives are means to obtaining something else (similar to Aristotle's apparent goods).
12. Kant shows the superiority of the ________________ imperative because it is a universal law that is a moral duty that stands on its own, requiring no further justification.
13. According to Kant, ___________ should always be followed because it is fundamental to Kant's view of ethics.
14. Formalism and ________________ have few similarities and many differences.
15. Kant's ________________ imperative is sometimes used to claim universal or natural rights such as those found in the Declaration of Independence.
16. Kant criticizes the ________, for example, as lacking a moral principle.
17. A lie that looks like it will not result in dire consequences is not permitted under formalism because consequences are never known for certain and lying conflicts with your:
18. Potential consequences of your truthfulness should never be:
19. According to the textbook, Kant's formalism has been criticized for not being:
20. Kant believes it would require "________________" to know what would make you happy, a point on which he and Aristotle clearly disagree.
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 4&5 Exam Answers (2021)
1. Mill defines pleasure as happiness and the absence of:
2. Mill focused focuses on reconciling the __________ of the many with the happiness of the individual.
3. Mill believed there are two causes to an unsatisfactory life: _________ and lack of mental cultivation.
4. According to Mill, the __________ of experienced people is to be used to determine which pleasures will truly bring happiness.
5. _____________, according to Mill, is defined as caring only for oneself, which leads to unhappiness.
6. The notion of utility, sometimes called ________, was coined by Jeremy Bentham.
7. Consequentialism is based on the notion of __________, according to which all people are motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.
8. A person not coming to the aid of a fellow human being (the Bad Samaritan) is illustrated by which of the following examples in your book?
9. Utilitarianism requires a person to be strictly __________ and a disinterested spectator in assessing his or her own happiness versus that of others.
10. Consequentialism was originated by Jeremy Bentham and can also be found in the writings of:
11. Utilitarianism does not view ________ as relevant in determining the morality of an action.
12. Mill focused on utility. His approach is __________ because it decides ethical questions based on the good that results from an action.
13. Utilitarianism has been criticized for not being ________ or _______ in weighing consequences of one's actions prior to engaging in the conduct.
14. Mill recognized that not all pleasures are __________ and that clearly some are more valuable and desirable than others.
15. Like Mill, Peter Singer's views have been criticized for their consequentialist perspective, relying on outcomes rather than __________ principles.
16. According to Mill, a bad act does not necessarily indicate a bad person, and a good act does not necessarily mean a person is:
17. According to the central principle of ______, actions are right in proportion, as they tend to promote happiness, and wrong, as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (pain).
18. Utilitarianism has been summarized as declaring that the end justifies the:
19. One criticism levied against utilitarianism is which of the following?
20. Which of the following statement is TRUE about formalism?
21. Miller has called the police four times on his neighbors. He complains they smoke pot and play loud music after midnight. Miller is complaining about offenses that impact:
22. Which individual studied with Kohlberg initially?
23. Jim Crow laws, Japanese internment laws, and the laws of Nazi Germany all illustrate which paradigm of law that arises in society?
24. According to Kohlberg, a person achieves a universal understanding of morals at which stage of development?
25. Which individual took body measurements of incarcerated Italian offenders and determined that some individuals are "born criminals"?
26. New York City experienced a remarkable drop in crime during the late 1990s because of aggressive police tactics against:
27. __________ is the concept that states people only give up some of their liberties to the government and entrust the government to intervene in the lives of citizens only in cases where it is absolutely necessary.
28. Some criminals in contemporary society use __________ to justify minor, self-serving acts of ethical misconduct?
29. Explanations of crime are grouped into four major types. Which of the following is NOT one of these types?
30. According to ______________, the classical and positivist schools of thought are inadequate to account for criminal behavior.
31. Carl Kotchian, the former president of Lockheed Corporation, did which of the following?
32. On the nightly news, a criminologist argues, "It is no surprise that the prisons are filled largely with poor and powerless people, rather than the middle and upper class." This is an example of the _________________ explanation of crime.
33. According to Gilligan's Ethics of Care, there is a gender difference in how moral thinking develops. What is that difference?
34. The prescribed remedy for criminal behavior according to the classical school of thought is:
35. According to the ____________ theory, individuals commit crime because they are influenced by a series of internal and external biological, sociological, and psychological factors.
36. Lacking education in ethical decision-making, people often do what comes naturally: they resort to decisions based on self-interest rather than on the greater interest of the community. This premise is based on which explanation of criminal behavior?
37. In general terms, the criminal law can be said to arise due to __________or __________.
38. Alabama prevents students from carrying electronic beepers and cell phones without written parental permission. Proponents argue that these devices are used by drug dealers, distract students, and disrupt the classroom. To which ethical theory do the proponents subscribe?
39. ____________, one of the founders of sociology, stated in 1893 that an act is criminal "when it offends strong and defined states of the collective conscience."
40. Separating children from their parents who enter the United States illegally, and then housing them in separate detention centers, demonstrates which paradigm of law?
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 6&7 Exam Answers (2021)
1. What is the interpreted meaning of probable cause?
2. _____________ explanations for police corruption suggest the existence of an organized subculture within an agency, often characterized by secrecy, loyalty, and cynicism?
3. In its New York City investigation, the Knapp Commission found that police are most often involved in corruption when which of the following activities is involved?
4. A police officer sees a car speeding dangerously down the highway and pulls it over. The driver hands the officer his license with a $50 bill clipped to it. The officer takes it and does not write a ticket. Taking the money is ______; not writing a ticket is:
5. What is required before a police officer may conduct a frisk of an individual?
6. _____________ sees the role of sentencing as retribution, so there is no justification for changing punishment based on whether the proceeding is a plea bargain or a trial.
7. According to James Madison, "If men were angels no government would be necessary and if angels governed, no controls on government would be necessary." What did he mean?
8. A police officer felt a soft lumpy object in a suspect's back pocket, about the size of a quarter. He was unsure what it was, so he manipulated it with his fingers. At this point he thought the object was a bag of marijuana, so he reached in and pulled it out. He was right. What was the result?
9. Why is ethics important to the police officer on the street?
10. In an effort to deter the conduct of mob lawyers, the government has turned to _________________ laws.
11. A useful code of ethics should rely more on:
12. What are the two important decisions judges are required to make?
13. What ethical theory looks toward the future in assessing the impact of alternate sentences of the future conduct of the offender as well as general society (i.e., deterrence)?
14. What is required before a police officer may conduct a stop of an individual?
15. All the following are considered forms of police corruption, EXCEPT:
16. In determining under what circumstances an individual should be stopped and frisked, which is the LEAST helpful ethical system?
17. ____________ wrote disparagingly of an attorney who would seek to make the innocent look guilty.
18. The ________________details the requirements for arrests, warrants, searches, trials, lawyers, punishment, and other important aspects of criminal procedure.
19. According to one prosecutor, the reason professional misconduct takes place is because "it works." Which ethical theory would support such misconduct?
20. The prosecutor's discretion is considerable given the control they have over how law can be enforced and adjudicated. Prosecutors have garnered the greatest criticism for:
21. When offenders with similar histories commit similar crimes but receive widely different sentences, it is known as sentencing:
22. Application of the law in "assisted suicides" poses an interesting ethical dilemma because:
23. Which of the following is an example of a corrections officer misusing his authority?
24. According to Rushworth Kidder, founder of the Institute for Global Ethics, what ethical scenarios are the most difficult to resolve?
25. ______________ aims to prevent further criminal harm by restraining the offender from engaging in further misconduct.
26. Which rationale for punishment is NOT acceptable to utilitarian ethics?
27. Repeat ethical offenders sometimes need a sanction that is a stronger deterrent than monetary compensation. What civil solution might appropriately deter future ethical violations?
28. Conduct we accept from private individuals somehow becomes objectionable when it is done by public officials. This is this known as:
29. What argument would a utilitarian make in opposition to the death penalty?
30. _______________ or "reformation" sees criminal behavior as a product of social or psychological shortcomings.
31. _______________ is punishment and is applied simply in proportion to the seriousness of the offense.
32. The State of _________ passed a law that allows physicians to prescribe lethal doses of medicine for patients who are nearing the ends of their lives.
33. Darlene Johnson, a mother of four children, and pregnant with a fifth, was convicted of three counts of child abuse. The judge sentenced her to a year in jail, to be followed by implantation of the birth control device, Norplant. According to the judge, "it is not safe for her to have any more children." Which ethical rationale most appropriately justifies his sentence?
34. ______________ punishment is punishment short of death.
35. Which of the following is NOT a rationale for punishment?
36. Dick and Jane were a wealthy childless coupleâ€"that is until Dick lost his position at a Fortune 500 firm. Turning to crime was the only way for them to maintain their lavish lifestyle. Recently, both were caught robbing a local bank. Neither had any prior criminal history. Dick was sentenced to five years in prison; Jane received five years' probation. This is an example of sentencing:
37. The _____________ case has become a symbol of blaming large corporations with deep pockets for individual accidents.
38. Which of the following civil penalties after a criminal sentence has been completed is most hotly debated by those who oppose this practice?
39. Sentencing guidelines attempt to reduce disparity in sentencing by recommending a "guideline sentence" based on:
40. The issue of errors in capital cases is a serious concern because it creates doubt about whether justice, a cardinal virtue, is served by capital punishment, especially since there is no way to correct a mistake. This is of greatest concern to which ethical system?
Ashworth J06 Ethics in Criminal Justice Lesson 8 Exam Answers (2021)
1. One of the lessons we can learn from Alfred Nobel's obituary (and the opening quote in Chapter 10 of your book) is which of the following?
2. The C in E-T-H-I-C-S stands for which of the following in author Harold Kushner's model?
3. According to the concept of abundance mentality:
4. What happened in the case of Dr. Timothy Quill?
5. According to your textbook, "quality of life" issues are BEST described as arising in connection with:
6. The ethical bar will rise in the future because:
7. Oklahoma has the second highest divorce rate in the country. Which U.S. president proposed a plan to spend $300 million on promoting marriage?
8. In the context of life and death decisions, there is a distinction between killing and letting die. Which of the following is classified as letting die?
9. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created a panel of ethics experts to:
10. According to your textbook, just as a smoker cannot go a day without nicotine, people with a character problem cannot go a day without:
11. Your book describes a scenario known as the "bathrobe bonus," wherein a man living on a fixed income discovered a large wad of bills in a bathrobe. He purchased the robe from a dealer at an auction estate. He argued to his wife that he should keep the money. "After all, if I were to return it, the dealer would just keep it and never return it to the rightful owner." Who would disagree with his line of reasoning?
12. The surprising result in the Unabomber case serves as a reminder of ________'s warning that the future is so uncertain that it is not wise to make ethical decisions based on predictions of future outcomes.
13. In the future, ethical dilemmas will become increasingly _________as individuals become more interdependent as a result of more expedient communications, such as cell phones, e-mail, and the many new cable and satellite television and radio channels.
14. In his book, The Lucifer Effect, psychologist Phillip Zimbardo suggests that the abuses at the Abu Ghraib prison were the result of a bad social setting that contaminated the individual prison guard. What would Kant say about the difficulty of ethical conduct in the face of situation pressure to be unethical?
15. The story of Alfred Nobel illustrates what ethical lesson?
16. What phenomenon describes a situation where individuals see life as a finite pie: if person A gets a big piece of pie, it means less for person B, thus making it difficult to be genuinely happy for those who perform well?
17. The __________ test is a good way to set a baseline ethical test for yourself.
18. _______________ is making and keeping promises.
19. Ethical dilemmas become more complicated as the interests of more ________ become involved.
20. The 24-hour test is a:
